Chapter+9+Outlines+P1

> a) By 1800 servitude = unknown > b) Society of the Cincinnati >> i) Exclusive hereditary order >> ii) Formed by Continental Army officers > c) Long-drawn-out fight for separation of church & state > d) 1786 Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom >> i) By Thomas Jefferson & his co-reformers >> ii) Religion should not be imposed on anybody >> iii) Each person decided own faith > e) Philadelphia 1775 Quakers = world’s 1st anti-slavery society >> i) No states south of Penn abolished slavery >> ii) Law still discriminated against freed blacks > f) Women did not have the right to work/vote/ not respected in society >> i) “Republican motherhood” elevated women in society >> ii) Educational opportunities available >> iii) Crucial responsibility for the survival of nation > a) 1776 colonies drat new constitutions >> i) Mass. called special convention to draft constitution >> ii) Submitted final draft to the people > b) All colonies = new states > c) NH, NY, VA, NC, SC, GA capitals moved away from seaports to the west > a) Loyalist estates taken and separated into small farms (Ex: Roger Morris’s estate) >> i) Economic democracy paved way for political democracy > b) No longer imported from Britain >> i) American ships banned from British/British West Indies harbors >> ii) US on its own >> iii) Branched out & traded freely w/ foreign nations > c) State governments borrowed a lot $$ during war > d) Many Americans poor b/c economy was so bad > a) Americans had responsibility of making a (new type of) gov. > b) Americans = rich political inheritance >> i) Partly from Britain / Partly from their own self-government system > c) Respected political leaders: George Washington, James Madison, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton > a) 1777 Articles of Confederation >> i) 2nd Continental Congress appointed committee to draft written constitution for new nation >> ii) Convinced France that America had genuine gov >> iii) 1781 Approved by all colonies > b) NY MD PENN VA complained about land amounts >> i) Wanted to use more land out west > c) Northwest Ordinance 1787 >> i) Supported new states created out of western lands (then admitted into Union) > a) AOC = loose confederation > b) 13 states linked together by common problems (ex: foreign affairs) > c) Congress: 2 major handicaps >> i) No power to control trade/business >> ii) Could not enforce tax collection program >>> 1) States not required to pay but asked to >>> 2) Maybe received ¼ of requested $$ > d) National gov in Penn >> i) Could advise, advocate and appeal >> ii) Could not command, coerce or control >> iii) New congress less effective than old > a) Land Ordinance 1785 >> i) Land of Old Northwest(NW of Ohio river/ E of Miss river/ S of Great Lakes) should be sold >> ii) $$ = pay off nations debt > b) Northwest Ordinance 1787 >> i) Uniform national policy >> ii) Created Northwest Territories (given to gov) >> iii) Land could be purchased >>> 1) 60,000+ people = a new state >>> 2) Gained same privileges of all 13 states > a) Britain declines making commercial treaty w/ colonies & wont repeal Nav. Laws > b) Lord Sheffield argued in pamphlet Britain could win back America’s trade > c) British remained in Americas & maintained fur trade w/ Indians >> i) To have Indians on their side for future attacks on Canada/America > d) Americans did not honor treaty of peace >> i) Concerning debts & Loyalists > e) Spain unfriendly to Americans >> i) 1784 Closed Mississippi river to American trade >> ii) Claimed large area of Gulf of Mexico, including FL > a) 1786 Shay’s Rebellion MASS >> i) Poor farmers were losing their farms = mortgage foreclosures & tax delinquencies >> ii) Demanded cheap paper $/ lighter taxes/ suspension of property takeovers >> iii) Led by Captain Daniel Shays > b) Shays’s followers = crushed by MASS authorities > c) Result: MASS legislature passed debtor-relief laws & fear that Revolution created an “mobocracy”( political control by a mob.) > a)1786 VA called convention @ Annapolis MD >> i) James Madison (father of Constitution) saved convention from collapsing >> ii) Delegates from only 5 states showed up >> iii) JM asked for another convention in Philadelphia “for the sole and express purpose of revising” AOC > b) Alexander Hamilton = advocate for super-powerful gov > c) May 25, 1787 55 rep. from all states – RI met in PENN to discuss gov of their country > d) (Constitutional Convention) George Washington elected > a) Delegates Wanted: >> i) Save revolutionary idealism = make into strong political structure >> ii) Firm/ dignified/ respected gov >> iii) Preserve the union, prevent anarchy, ensure security of life and property against uprisings by the “mobocracy” > a) Some delegates decided to start fresh instead of just revising AOC > b) The large-state plan >> i) Proposed by VA >> ii) 1st push forward as framework of Constitution >> iii) Arrangement in Congress should be based upon state’s population > c) The small-state plan >> i) Presented by NJ >> ii) Equal representation in Congress no matter size of land/population > d) The Great Compromise >> i) Representation by population in House of Representatives & equal representation in Senate >> ii) Each state = 2 senators >> iii) New Constitution >>> 1) Called for a president >>> 2) End slave trade by end of 1807 >>> 3) All states new constitutions – GA forbade overseas slave trade > e) RI = not present at Constitutional Convention > f) The three-fifths compromise >> i) Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person > a) Members of Constitutional Congress demanded sound $$ & protection of private property > b) Favored gov w/ 3 branches >> i) Federal judges >> ii) President >> iii) Senators > c) Safeguards against the “mob” > a) Antifederalists >> i) Led by Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry & Richard Henry Lee >> ii) Followers = poorest class >>> 1) States’ rights devotees >>> 2) Back country dwellers >>> 3) One-horse farmers > b) Federalists >> i) Led by George Washington and Benjamin Franklin >> ii) Most Federalists lived in settled areas by water >> iii) Wealthier >> iv) Better educated >> v) More organized >> vi) Controlled press > a) DEL./ Penn/ NJ/ GA/ CONN./ MASS./ MD/ SC/ NH = 1st states to sign Constitution > a) VA/ NY/ NC/ RI approved Constitution b/c they had to not b/c they wanted to > b) RI = last state to approve it (only after new gov operated for several months) > a) Designers of Constitution made sure every branch (executive, judiciary &legislative) represented the people > b) Principles of self-rule & self-limiting system of checks and balances > c) Constitution settled conflicting policies of liberty and order
 * 1) The Pursuit of Equality**
 * 2)** **Constitution Making in the States**
 * 3) Economic Crosscurrents**
 * 4) A Shaky Start Toward Union**
 * 5) Creating a Confederation**
 * 6) The Articles of Confederation: America’s First Constitution**
 * 7) Landmarks in Land Laws**
 * 8) The World’s Ugly Duckling**
 * 9) The Horrid Specter of Anarchy**
 * 10) A convention of “Demigods”**
 * 11) Patriots in Philadelphia**
 * 12) Hammering Out o Bundle of Compromises**
 * 13) Safeguards for Conservatism**
 * 14) The Clash of Federalists and Antifederalists**
 * 15) The Great Debate in the States**
 * 16) The Four Laggard States**
 * 17) A Conservative Triumph**