Chapter+9-Krista+Cratty

 **I. The Pursuit of Equality** >> supported) by some New England states, but the Anglican Church was >> humbled and reformed as the Protestant Episcopal Church. > of 1774 had called for the abolition of slavery, and in 1775, the > Philadelphia Quakers founded the world’s first antislavery > society. >> owners to free their slaves. > though some had served (disguised as men) in the Revolutionary War. >> constitution which allowed women to vote (for a time). >> “republican motherhood” and elevated women to higher >> statuses as keepers of the nation’s conscience. Women raised the >> children and thereby held the future of the republic in their hands. **II. Constitution Making in the States** > constitutions (thus began the formation of the Articles of the > Confederation). >> convention to draft its constitution and made it so that the >> constitution could only be changed through another specially called >> constitutional convention. >> branches since they distrusted power due to Britain’s abuse of it. >> though some people, like Thomas Jefferson, warned that “173 >> despots [in legislature] would surely be as oppressive as one.” > westward, as in New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, the Carolinas, and > Georgia. **III. Economic Crosscurrents** > didn’t. But they could now trade with foreign countries, and with > any nation they wanted to, a privilege they didn’t have before. > become poor, and the newly rich were viewed with suspicion. Disrespect > of private property became shocking. **IV. A Shaky Start Toward Union** > political inheritance form Britain, and America was blessed with men > like Washington, Madison, Jefferson, Hamilton, and John Adams, great > political leaders of high order. **V. Creating a Confederation** > government—a loose union of states where a federal and state > level exist, yet the state level retains the most sovereignty to > “do their own thing.” >> currencies and tax barriers. > finally completely ratified by the last state, Maryland, on March 1, > 1781. > tracts of land west of the Appalachians that they could sell off to pay > off their debts while other states could not do so. >> which pledged to dispense them for the common good of the union (states >> would be made). **VI. The Articles of the Confederation: America’s First Constitution** > very weak government. This was not by accident, but by plan. The reason > a weak government was desired was simply to avoid a strong national > government that would take away unalienable rights or abuse their power > (i.e. England). > weak Congress in which each state had only one vote, it required 2/3 > majority on any subject of importance, and a fully unanimous vote for > amendments. > not enforce tax collection. >> government in Philadelphia, demanding back pay. When it pleaded for >> help from the state, and didn’t receive any, it had to shamefully >> move to Princeton College in New Jersey. > should be, and was a significant stepping-stone towards the > establishment of the U.S. Constitution. **VII. Landmarks in Land Laws** > the new lands in the Ohio Valley be divided up?” It provided the > acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and that the proceeds be > used to pay off the national debt. >> into townships (six miles square), which would then be divided into 36 >> square sections (1 mile square) with one set aside for public schools >> (section #16). > will new states be made once people move out there?” It made > admission into the union a two stage affair: >> would be subordinate to the federal government. >> constitution and sent it to Congress for approval. If approved, >> it’s a new state. **VIII. The World’s Ugly Duckling** > closed down its trading to the U.S. (proved useless to U.S. smuggling). > It also sought to annex Vermont to Britain with help from the Allen > brothers and Britain continued to hold a chain of military posts on > U.S. soil. >> treaty and pay back debts to Loyalists. > restless, prevented the U.S. from controlling half of it territory. > of Algiers, ravaged U.S. ships in the area and enslaved Yankee sailors. > Worse, America was just too weak to stop them. **IX. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy** >> Notably, the inability to get land is the same motivation for rebellion >> as Bacon’s Rebellion back in 1676 in Virginia. And, the desire >> for land was also the motivator of the Paxton Boys in Pennsylvania in >> 1764. >> violence lived on and paranoia motivated folks to desire a stronger >> federal government. > to emerge. Congress was beginning to control commerce, and overseas > shipping was regaining its place in the world. **X. A Convention of “Demigods”** > Articles’ inability to regulate commerce, but only five states > were represented. They decided to meet again. > wasn’t there) met in Philadelphia to “revise the Articles > only.” >> Hancock, and Patrick Henry were not there. Notably the Patriots like >> Sam Adams were seen as too radical. **XI. Patriots in Philadelphia** > to preserve the union, protect the American democracy from abroad and > preserve it at home, and to curb the unrestrained democracy rampant in > various states (like rebellions, etc…). **XII. Hammering Out a Bundle of Compromises** >> representation based on state population, while New Jersey’s >> small state plan called for equal representation from all states (in >> terms of numbers, each state got the same number of representatives, >> two.) >> that Congress would have two houses, the House of Representatives, >> where representation was based on population, and the Senate, where >> each state got two representatives > president who would be military commander-in-chief and who could veto > legislation. > Electoral College, rather than by the people directly. The people were > viewed as too ignorant to vote. **XIII. Safeguards for Conservatism** > checks and balances, and the more conservative people deliberately > erected safeguards against excesses of mobs. Such as… >> (only for representatives in the House). > were still there to sign the Constitution. **XIV. The Clash of Federalists and Anti-federalists** > Constitution, the Founding Fathers sent copies of it out to state > conventions, where it could be debated and voted upon. > patched up Articles of the Confederation and had received a whole new > Constitution (the Convention had been very well concealed and kept > secret). > against the anti-federalists, who were opposed to the Constitution. >> cultured and propertied groups, and many were former Loyalists. These >> folks lived nearer the coast in the older areas. >> and states’ rights devotees. It was basically the poorer classes >> who lived westward toward the frontier. >> representatives and the erecting of what would become Washington D.C., >> and the creation of a standing army. **XV. The Great Debate in the States** > detractors (including Samuel Adams, the “Engineer of > Revolution” who now resisted change), and Massachusetts finally > ratified it after a promise of a bill of rights to be added later. > was officially adopted after nine states (all but Virginia, New York, > North Carolina, and Rhode Island) had ratified it. <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">**XVI. The Four Laggard States** > Constitution was about to be ratified by the 9th state, New Hampshire, > anyway), finally ratified it by a vote of 89 to 79. > James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, and finally yielded after > realizing that it couldn’t prosper apart from the union. <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">**XVII. A Conservative Triumph** > had voted for the ratifying delegates. > represented the people, unlike Anti-federalists who believed that only > the legislative branch did so. > heritage of democratic revolution.
 * Chapter 9 - The Confederation and the Constitution**
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The American Revolution was more of an accelerated evolution than a revolution.
 * 2) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">However, the exodus of some 80,000 Loyalists left a great lack of conservatives.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">This weakening of the aristocratic “upper crust” let Patriot elites emerge.
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The fight for separation of church and state resulted in notable gains.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The Congregational church continued to be legally established (tax
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Slavery was a large, problematic issue, as the Continental Congress
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">This new spirit that “all men are created equal” even inspired a few slave
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Another issue was women. They still were unequal to men, even
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">There were some achievements for women such as New Jersey’s 1776
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Mothers devoted to their families were developed as an idea of
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The Continental Congress of 1776 called upon colonies to draft new
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Massachusetts contributed one innovation when it called a special
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Many states had written documents that represented a fundamental law.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Many had a bill of rights and also required annual election of legislators.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">All of them deliberately created weak executive and judicial
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In most states, the legislative branch was given sweeping powers,
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Many state capitals followed the migration of the people and moved
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">After the Revolution, Loyalist land was seized, but people didn’t chop heads off (as later in France).
 * 2) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Goods formerly imported from England were cut off, forcing Americans to make their own.
 * 3) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Still, America remained agriculturalist by a large degree. Industrialization would come much later.
 * 4) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Prior to war, Americans had great trade with Britain, and now they
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Yankee shippers like the Empress of China (1784) boldly ventured into far off places.
 * 2) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">However, inflation was rampant, and taxes were hated. The rich had
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">While the U.S. had to create a new government, the people were far from united.
 * 2) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In 1786, after the war, Britain flooded America with cheap goods, greatly hurting American industries.
 * 3) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">However, the states all did share similar constitutions, had a rich
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The new states chose a confederation as their first
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">For example, during the war, states had created their own individual
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The Articles of the Confederation was finished in 1777, but it was
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">A major dispute was that states like New York and Virginia had huge
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">As a compromise, these lands were ceded to the federal government,
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The Northwest Ordinance later confirmed this.
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The main thing to know regarding the Articles is that they set up a
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The Articles had no executive branch (hence, no single leader), a
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Also, Congress was pitifully weak, and could not regulate commerce and could
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">States printed their own, worthless paper money.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">States competed with one another for foreign trade. The federal government was helpless.
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Congress could only call up soldiers from the states, which weren’t going to help each other.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Example: in 1783, a group of Pennsylvanian soldiers harassed the
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">However, the government was a model of what a loose confederation
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Still, many thought the states wielded an alarmingly great of power.
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The Land Ordinance of 1785 answered the question, “How will
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">This vast area would be surveyed before settlement and then divided
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 answered the question, “How
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">There would be two evolutionary territorial stages, during which the area
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">When a territory had 60,000 inhabitants, they wrote a state
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">It worked very well to solve a problem that had plagued many other nations.
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">However, Britain still refused to repeal the Navigation Laws, and
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">One excuse used was that the soldiers had to make sure the U.S. honor its
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In 1784, Spain closed the Mississippi River to American commerce.
 * 2) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">It also claimed a large area near the Gulf of Mexico that was ceded to the U.S. by Britain.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">At Natchez, on disputed soil, it also held a strategic fort.
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Both Spain and England, while encouraging Indian tribes to be
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Even France demanded payment of U.S. debts to France.
 * 2) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The pirates of the North African states, including the arrogant Dey
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">States were refusing to pay taxes, and national debt was mounting as foreign credibility was slipping.
 * 2) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Boundary disputes erupted into small battles while states taxed goods from other states.
 * 3) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Shays’ Rebellion, which flared up in western Massachusetts in 1786.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Shays’ was disgruntled over getting farmland mortgages.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Daniel Shays was convicted, but later pardoned.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The importance of Shays’ Rebellion‡ The fear of such
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">People were beginning to doubt republicanism and this Articles of the Confederation.
 * 2) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">However, many supporters believed that the Articles merely needed to be strengthened.
 * 3) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Things began to look brighter, though, as prosperity was beginning
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">An Annapolis, Maryland convention was called to address the
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">On May 25, 1787, 55 delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Among them were people like Hamilton, Franklin, and Madison.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">However, people like Jefferson, John and Sam Adams, Thomas Paine,
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The 55 delegates were all well-off and mostly young, and they hoped
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The delegates quickly decided to totally scrap the Articles and create a new Constitution.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Virginia’s large state plan called for Congressional
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Afterwards, the “Great Compromise” was worked out so
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">All tax bills would start in the House.
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Also, there would be a strong, independent executive branch with a
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Another compromise was the election of the president through the
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Also, slaves would count as 3/5 of a person in census counts for representation.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Also, the Constitution enabled a state to shut off slave importation if it wanted, after 1807.
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The delegates at the Convention all believed in a system with
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Federal chief justices were appointed for life, thus creating stability conservatives liked.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The electoral college created a buffer between the people and the presidency.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Senators were elected by state legislators, not by the people.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">So, the people voted for 1/2 of 1/3 of the government
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">However, the people still had power, and government was based on the people.
 * 2) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">By the end of the Convention, on Sept. 17, 1787, only 42 of the original 55
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Knowing that state legislatures would certainly veto the new
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The people could judge it themselves.
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The American people were shocked, because they had expected a
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The Federalists, who favored the proposed stronger government, were
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The Federalists were more respectable and generally embraced the
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Anti-federalists truthfully cried that it was drawn up by aristocratic elements and was therefore anti-democratic.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The Anti-federalists were mostly the poor farmers, the illiterate,
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">They decried the dropping of annual elections of congressional
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Elections were run to elect people into the state conventions.
 * 2) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Four small states quickly ratified the Constitution, and Pennsylvania was the first large state to act.
 * 3) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In Massachusetts, a hard fought race between the supporters and
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Had this state not ratified, it would have brought the whole thing down.
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Three more states ratified, and on June 21, 1788, the Constitution
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Virginia, knowing that it could not be an independent state (the
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">New York was swayed by The Federalist Papers, written by John Jay,
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">North Carolina and Rhode Island finally ratified it after intense pressure from the government.
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The minority had triumphed again, and the transition had been peaceful.
 * 2) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Only about 1/4 of the adult white males in the country (mainly those with land)
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Conservationism was victorious, as the safeguards had been erected against mob-rule excesses.
 * 2) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Revolutionaries against Britain had been upended by revolutionaries against the Articles.
 * <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">It was a type of counterrevolution.
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Federalists believed that every branch of government effectively
 * 1) <span style="DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 110%; COLOR: #040a4d; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In the U.S., conservatives and radicals alike have championed the