Chapter+8+Outlines+P1

1) Congress Drafts George Washington > a) 20,000 Minutemen swarmed around Boston, where they outnumbered the British. > b) The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775 >> i) Sent another list of grievances to Parliament. >> ii) Adopted measures to raise money for an army and a navy. > c) Selected George Washington to command army. >> i) George never rose above colonel 2) Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings > a) Colonists maintained their loyalty > b) American force led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point – May 1775 > c) June 1775 - colonials seized Bunker Hill >> i) George III slammed the door for all hope of reconciliation >>> 1) The King hired many German Hessians 3) The Abortive Conquest of Canada > a) The colonists invaded Canada to add a 14th colony >> i) French-Canadians supported Americans they hated Britain > b) General Richard Montgomery captured Montreal. >> i) He was joined by army of General Benedict Arnold. > c) British set fire to Norfolk, Virginia, - January 1776 >> i) Forced to evacuate Boston. – March >> ii) rebels beat 1500 Loyalists at Moore’s Creek Bridge 4) Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense > a) Thomas Paine published //Common Sense// - 1776 >> i) Urged colonists to just fight. - 1776 >> ii) Nowhere in the universe did a smaller body control a larger one, so Paine argued, saying why tiny Britain had to control gigantic America. >> iii) He called King George III “the Royal Brute of Great Britain.” 5) Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism” > a) there should be a republic > b) ideas about rejecting monarchy became known >> i) New Englanders already practiced this government 6) Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Independence > a) Philadelphia Congress moved toward a clean break with Britain. > b) Richard Henry urged for complete independence >> i) Adopted on July 2, 1776. > c) Thomas Jefferson wrote Declaration of Independence. >> i) Congress approved it on July 2nd >> ii) Not completely approved until July 4th, 1776. 7) Patriots and Loyalists > a) The War of Independence was a war within a war >> i) Not all colonists were united >>> (1) Patriots – supported rebellion >>> (2) Loyalists- supported the king >>> (3) Ones who didn’t care >> ii) The Patriot militias constantly harassed small British detachments. >>> (1) Younger generation >> iii) Loyalists were generally conservatives, but the war divided families. >>> (1) Loyalists were not popular in New England 8) The Loyalist Exodus > a) After the Declaration of Independence, Loyalists and Patriots were more sharply divided 9) General Washington at Bay > a) The British focused on New York as a HQ for operations. > b) Fleet of 35,000 men and 500 ships appeared off the coast - July 1776, >> i) Washington only had 18,000 men >>> (1) Surprise attacked 1,000 Hessians 10) Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion > a) London officials adopted a complicated scheme in hoped to cut New England off > b) The Brits stopped to build a huge force, while Arnold assembled a tattered flotilla from whatever boats he could find. >> i) Navy was destroyed, >> ii) Burgoyne began his mission with 7000 troops and a heavy baggage train consisting of a great number of the officers’ wives. >> iii) Washington finally retired for the winter at Valley Forge, where his troops froze in the cold. 11) Strange French Bedfellows > a) France was eager to get revenge on Britain, and secretly supplied the Americans throughout much of the war. > b) After the humiliation at Saratoga, the British offered the Americans a measure that gave them home rule—everything they wanted except independence. >> i) After Saratoga, France finally was persuaded to enter the war against Britain. > c) France, in 1778, offered a treaty of alliance, offering America everything that Britain had offered, plus recognition of independence. >> i) The Americans accepted with caution 12) The Colonial War Becomes a World War > a) In 1779, Spain and Holland entered the war against Britain. > b) In 1780, Catherine the Great of Russia took the lead in organizing the Armed Neutrality and lined up all of Europe’s neutrals against England. > c) America, though it kept the war going until 1778, didn’t win until France, Spain, and Holland joined in and Britain couldn’t handle them all. >> i) Britain, with the French now in the seas, decided to finally evacuate Philadelphia 13) Blow and Counterblow > a) French reinforcements, commanded by Comte de Rochambeau, arrived in Newport, Rhode Island in 1780, but flares sometimes erupted between the Americans and the French. > b) In 1780, feeling unappreciated and lured by British gold, General Benedict Arnold turned traitor by plotting with the British to sell out West Point. >> i) When the plot was discovered, he fled with the British. > c) The British devised a plan to roll up the colonies from the South. >> i) Georgia was ruthlessly overrun in 1778-1779. >> ii) Charleston, South Carolina, fell in 1780. >> iii) In the Carolinas, Patriots bitterly fought their Loyalist neighbors. 14) The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier > a) 1777 was known as the “bloody year” on the frontier, as Indians went on a scalping spree. >> i) Most of the Indians supported Britain and believed that if they won >> ii) In 1784, the pro-British Iroquois signed the Treaty of for Stanwix, the first treaty between the U.S. and an Indian nation. >>> (1) Under its terms, the Indians ceded most of their land. >> iii) Even in wartime, pioneers moved west 15) Yorktown and the Final Curtain. > a) inflation continued to soar, and the government was virtually bankrupt >> i) King George wanted to continue the war, but America had won. 16) Peace at Paris > a) Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay met in Paris for a peace deal. >> i) Jay thought France keep the U.S. weak. >> ii) The Treaty of Paris of 1783, Britain formally recognized the USA and granted generous boundaries >>> (1) Americans couldn’t persecute Loyalists, and Congress could only recommend legislatures that confiscated Loyalist land. 17) A New Nation Legitimized > a) Britain had ceded so much land because it was trying to entice America from its French alliance. >> i) In truth, America came out the big winner, and seldom, if ever, have any people been so favored. 18) Makers of America: The Loyalists > a) Loyalists were conservative, well-educated and thought America beat Britain > b) Many Britons settled in America after the Seven Years’ War > c) Thousands of African-Americans joined the British in hopes of freedom > d) Many Loyalists remained in America, but faced many problems