Retrospective+Project+(Kelsey+Harding+Sara+Yoe,+Katie+Nguyen


 * 3. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire- The worst factory disaster of New York City before 9/11. Most of the workers were women and many of them died either jumping from the building to "safety" or from the smoke/fire. They couldn't leave because the boss locked the doors and stairwells for this purpose. The fire led to the legislation for factory safety and started the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. Happened in New York on March 25, 1911

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was a federal law that created the United States Civil Service Commission. Federal employees were placed in a merit system and the spoils system was ended. It also made sure that government employees would be picked based on scores they received in competitive exams.

4. Guinn vs. US - aka The Grandfather Clause (1915) - in OK (Oaklahoma Voter Restriction Act of 1910) some blacks denied the right to vote in state elections based on race and ethnicity, therefore violating the 15th Amendment. Reading tests required, even though a college graduate who had no doubt passed it was denied the right to vote. Supreme Court tore apart the OVRA in the case and confirmed all convictions of blacks being denied the right to vote.**

__ARTICLES__


 * here is my "regular" article about Japanese-US relations... please tell me if it's ok length wise... :) feel free to edit and stuff.**

__Hands Shake Across the Pacific__ Between 1904 and 1905, Russia and Japan were involved in a war with each other due to their imperialist rivalry. President Theodore Roosevelt held a diplomatic conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire to resolve the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Japan wasn't happy with what they had gotten from Russia after the war (they had wanted more from Russia) and blamed the US for not giving them more. This created some negitive feelings between Japan and the US.

Japan was also upset with the US because in California (to where many working class Japanese immigrated in the US to), there were many laws discriminating against these Japanese Americans. For example, in San Francisco, Japanese Americans were required to go to seperate schools. This was taken as a national insult to Japan. Theodore Roosevelt offered to help settle this dispute in 1908. This settlement became known as the "Gentlemen's Agreement." The Gentlemen's Agreement was basically a compromise between Japan and the US that the Japanese government would secretly restrict emigration of their workers to the US as long as Roosevelt would persuade CA to repeal it's discriminatory laws again the Japanese Americans.

With the Gentlemen's Agreement behind them, Japan and the US began to have more positive experiences with each other. When the US Navy embarked upon the Great White Fleet; a two year (1907 - 1909) journey around the world to show off US naval power, Japan welcomed the ships warmly in Tokyo Bay. Much respect was gained from many nations for the US Navy as a result of this trip.

To confirm Japan and America's good feelings towards each other, there was a very high profile agreement in 1908 between the Secretary of State (Elihu Root) and the Japanese Ambassador (Takahira) that became known as the Root-Takahira Agreement. Through a series of notes, the two agreed upon two key things; mutual respect for the other nation's Pacific possessions and supporting the Open Door Policy in China.

President Teddy Roosevelt's peace efforts in the Russo-Japanese War were rewarded in 1906 with the Nobel Peace Prize. But his main underlying purpose behind all of his actions to support his "big-stick" foreign policy was to keep the peave between rival nations of the US.


 * so yeah. that's it. i feel like it is extremely short.... let me know what ya'll think :) thanks!

Letter to the Editor...

To the Editor, Due to the recent war against Spain in Cuba, the US is trying to imperialize the Pacific. I believe and stand by what our late former president Lincoln said, "No man is good enough to govern another man without that other's consent." I believe the US is trying to imperialize in the Pacific and the Pacific peoples are not okay with this; therefore, I am against it. We overthrew Queen Liliuokalani and took over Hawaii, they didn't want this to happen. It's not fair to those people and we shouldn't have control of them. We are not better than they are.

Because I feel this way, I am a part of the Anti-Imperialist League. We are ready to fight for what we believe in, END US ANNEXATION OF THE PHILIPPINES AND NO MORE PACIFIC EXPANSION!!!!!

We.....

Another letter to the editor...**

To the Editor, I wanted to write about my feelings of some recent Amendments to the Constitution.

The Sixteenth Amendment (ratified in 1913) gives the US government to collect an income tax which originally applied only to the very wealthy. I'm a progressive (the group that originally proposed this was the populists) so I support this very much because it doesn't apply to me, and it limits trusts and large corporations. This lowered some prices for steel and went against laissez-faire, which is what we believe anyways, so I am in full support of this Amendment.

The Seventeenth Amendment (ratified in 1913) required that all US senators be elected by the popular vote. Before this, they were elected by the majority vote of the state legislatures. We (as progressives) thought that this caused the senate to become a "millionaires' club" that was controlled by large business. Nevada set the precedent for having the popular vote choose senators in 1899. Thankfully, I live in Nevada, so I've had this wonderful privilege for quite some time. I am also in 100% support of the seventeenth Amendment.

The Nineteenth Amendment (ratified in 1920) gave women the right to vote at all levels. Women proved to the government that they deserved this when many men (including myself) had to go fight in WWI. Carrie Chapman Catt responded to this by creating the League of Women Voters to keep women informed about what they would vote on. I think this is fantastic because now my wife and I can both vote and she is much happier when we talk about politics.

-Clarence Robinson

__John Hay blows the whistle on China__ During McKinley's presidency, the Secretary of State was John Hay. Hay was unhappy that China was falling under the control of other countries'. During the 1890s, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, and Germany were all establishing "spheres of influence" in China. Spheres of influence were ports or regions of China (their sphere) that each could control by creating investments and dominating trade. Hay didn't want the US to lose trading privileges in China so he sent a note out to all nations holding spheres of influence about an "Open Door" policy in China in 1899.

The proposed Open Door Policy for China asked that all nations holding spheres agree to let all nations have equal trading opportunities in China. Although the replies to this request were rather negitive, no nation objected to it; therefore, Hay declared that the Open Door Policy was in effect and all nations had agreed to it. Hay was thought of as a diplomatic hero, thanks to the press. McKinley was re-elected in 1900, and he quickly had another issue with China, which John Hay (who was again appointed as the Secretary of State) handled.

In China, there was a group of extreme nationalists who were also xenophobic (the fear and hatred of foreigners) called the Society of Harmonious Fists, also known as the Boxers. In 1900, the Boxers attacked foreign settlements and killed many Christian missionaries. This became known as the Boxer Rebellion. For defensive purposes, US troops were a part of an international march into Peking, China to put down the Boxers. They did this quickly and efficiently. China was forced to pay for its actions which greatly weakened their imperial regime. Hay was afraid, so he sent a second round of notes to China in 1900 reiterating the US's pledge to keep China's territorial dignity and keep the "equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese empire" safe.

Hay's notes didn't keep other nations from taking advantage of China's situation, but it kept European powers from taking China's land due to rivalries and quarrels amongst themselves. His notes also set the precedent for US foreign policy for McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and other future presidents. It would also impact US relations with Japan.


 * __A Deadly Fire Plagues the Hearts of New York__

March 25, 1911 started out like any other day for the workers of the Triangle Shirtwaist company workers. They arrived at the factory to create clothes and earn their pay. However, the day took a turn for the worst. A fire broke out in the factory. The workers, mostly women, were unable to leave because their bosses locked the doors and stairwells. Some women jumped from the ninth and tenth story windows, where the fire ladders were unable to reach. Others remained behind to be killed by either the fire or the smoke. In total, one-hundred-and-forty-six workers were killed and seventy were injured. Spectators and policemen watched the tragedy unfold from the street below. In the weeks that followed, people abroad mourned the losses that could have been easily averted. More than a hundred thousand people participated in the funeral march for the workers. They spent the following weeks identifying the dead and eventually, the people began to protest. They demanded justice for the dead and injured. They demanded that actions be taken to prevent similar disasters from happening again. The International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union quickly became involved, pushing for safety and workers’ compensation laws, which was achieved. The ILGWU also helped to provide relief for those harmed in the fire or families that lost loved ones. They paid compensation to the workers, cared for them and even provided proper living arrangements for workers once they healed. The ILGWU, along with other womens’ labor unions, carried out and prompted investigations of the owners of the Triangle Shirtwaist company, Isaac Harris and Max Blanck. The two were acquitted after an eight-month long trial. Although the many people testified that because of Harris and Blanck there was no exit out of the building, their lawyer Max Steuer was able to make the jurors doubtful. This verdict upset many people, family and the public alike. Although Blanck and Harris were not convited, they settled on twenty-three individual civil service suits and were fined seventy-five dollars per life lost. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, and the lives lost, will never be forgotten, as they paved the way for factory safety and pension reforms. Through this tragedy, countless future tragedies were prevented.

In tribute to lives lost or injured, this paper commemorates them.

DECEASED Aberstein, Julia Gorfield, Esther Rother, R. Adler, Lizzie Grameattassio, Mrs. Irene Rother, Theodore Altman, Anna Harris, Esther Sabasowitz, Sarah Astrowsky, Becky Herman, Mary Salemi, Sophie Bassino, Rosie Jakobowski, Ida Saracino, Sara Belatta, Vincenza Kaplan Saracino, Serafina Belotta, Ignazia Koeber Schetcher, Violet Benanti, Vincenza Kessler, Becky Schiffman, Gussie Bernstien, Essie Klein, Jacob Schmidt, Mrs. Theresea Bernstein, Jacob Konowitz, Ida Schneider, Mrs. Ethel Bernstein, Morris Kupla, Sara Schwartz, Margaret Bernstein, Moses Launswold, Fannie Selzer, Jacob Bierman, Gussie Lehrer, Max Shapiro, Rosie Binevitz, Abraham Lehrer, Sam Shena, Catherine Brenman, Rosie Leibowitz, Nettie Sklaver, Berel Brenman, Surka Leone, Kate Sorkin, Rosie Brodsky, Ida Lermack, Rosie D. Spear Brodsky, Sara Leventhal, Mary Sprunt Brooks, Ida Levin, Jennie Sprunt, Gussie Brunette, Laura Levine, Abe Starr, Mrs. Annie Caputta Maltese, Catherine Stein, Jennie Carlisi, Josephina Maltese, Rosalie Stellino, Jennie Carlton, Rosie Manara, Mrs Marie Stiglitz, Jennie Caruso, Albina Manofsky, Rose Tabick, Samuel Carutto, Frances Marciano, Mrs. Michela Terdanova, Clotilde Ciminello, Mrs. Annie Mayer, Minnie Tortorella, Maria Guiseppa Cirrito, Rosie Meyers, Yetta Tortorella, Isabella Cohen, Anna Miale, Bettina Ullo, Mary Coletti, Antonia Miale, Frances Utal, Meyer Costello, Della Midolo, Gaetana Velakowsky, Freda Crepo, Rose Nebrerer, Becky Vivlani, Bessie Deer, Biddie Nicholas, Annie Vovobritsky, Annie Del Castillo, Giuseppa Nicolose, Nicolina Weinduff, Sally Denent, Grances Novobritsky, Annie Weiner, Rose Dichtenhultz, Yetta Nussbaum, Sadie Weintraub, Celia Dockman, Dora Oberstein, Julia Weintraub, Sally Donnick, Kalman Oringer, Rose Welfowtiz, Dora Dorman, K. Ozzo, Carrie Wilson, Joseph Eisenberg, Celia Pack, Annie Wisner, Tessie Feibush, Rose Panno, Mrs. Providenza Wisotsky, Sonia Feicisch, Rebecca Pasqualicca, Antonietta Wondross, Bertha Feltzer Pearl, Ida Zeltner Feltzer, Jacob Pildescu, Jennie Fitzi, Mrs. Daisy Lopez Pinello, Vincenza Foresster, May Poliny, Jennie Franco, Jennie Prato, Millie Frank, Tina Reiners, Becky Gallo, Mrs. Mary Robinowitz, Abraham Geib, Bertha Rootstein, Emma Gernstein, Molly Rosen, Israel Gittlin, Celina Rosen, Julia Goldfield, Esther Rosen, Louis Goldstein, Esther Rosenbaum, Yetta Goldstein, Lena Rosenberg, Jennie Goldstein, Mary Rosenfield, Gussie Goldstein, Yetta Rosenthal, Nettie

SURVIVORS Abramowitz, Isidore Ingegeno, Carmella Wortman, Peter Alter, Louis Kaplan, Eva Yaller, Lena Alter, Mary Koppelman, Gussie Yusum, Rosie Alterman, Kate Kreitzberg, Yetta Zimmerman, Sohpie Appel, Dora Lang, Christina Zito, Jospeh Axelrod, Dora Lazarowitz, Charles Benanti, Tessa Lepanto, Rose Berlin, Pauline Levantina Bernstein, Abraham Levantini, Mary Bernstein, Minnie Levine (Mr.) Bernstein, Rose Leiberowitz, Lena Bernstein, Sam Lipschitz, Dinah Bernstein, Samuel Lubitz, Yetta Bernstein, William Lucy (?) Binowitz, Abraham Maizler, Dora Bischofsky, Bessie Markowtiz, Edward Blanck, Max Mayer, Rose Brenman, Joseph Mayers, Rose Brown, Louis Miller, Annie Bucelli, Mary Mittleman, Anna Burd, Augusta Mittleman, Ida Bursky, Becky Monick, Ethel Cammerstein, Sara Mortillalo, Gasper Cascio, Gussie Nelson, Ida Casey, John Nicolosi, Josie Cohen, Ida Okan, Ida Cohen, Rose Panno, Rosalie Cushner, Esther Pasterneck, Frank Damsky, Mary Penza Gili, Addolorata Immacolata Deitschmann, Ida Pepe, Pauline Deutchman, Ida Rapp, Gussie Dorrity, Anna Reiner, Rose Dougherty, Anna Rosen, Anna Elbaum, Teresea, Rosenfield, Rose Feibes, Sam Russo, Paqualina Freedman, Rose Safran, Rosey Friedman, Sarah Salub, Nathan Gartman, Kate Schwartz, Ida Gilman, Sam Sederman, Louis Glantz, Rose Seivos, Irene Gordon, Abe Selmanowtiz, Frannie Gorsky, Charles Silk, Louis Greenspan, William Singer, Ida Grimaldi, Lucy Speciale, Katherine Gulla, Anna Sprinsock, Annie Handschuh, Lena Szivos, Irene Harris, Eva Teschner, Emile W. Harris, Isaac Wagner, Minnie Himmelstein, Celia Walker, Celia Himmelstein, Dora Wegodner, Isadore Hochfield, Max Weiner, Katie Horowitz, Anna Weiner, Lillian Horowitz, Gussie Wexler, Joseph Horton, Thomas Williamson, Reginald J.

**

__The Pendleton Pendulum Knocks Out Spoils System__

On September 19, 1881, President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles Julius Guiteua. Guiteau was seeking a job via the spoils system, a system by which voters received jobs if they promised a certain political party their vote. In response to this heinous act, the new president Chester A. Arthur passed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. This act created the United States Civil Service Commission which made applicants only for federal jobs take a skilled-based exam. Anyone who wanted a federal job had to pass this exam to get the job they were applying for. The goal of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act and the United States Civil Service Commission was to eliminate one cause of corruption and inefficiency in the government. It proved to be very effective. This reform supported the progressive movement because it aimed for a new, revolutionized government without crookedness. __Puerto Rico__ U.S. military forces landed in Puerto Rico in July 25, 1898 after bombing San Juan. Spain surrendered Puerto Rico to U.S. in Treaty of Paris of 1898. Under U.S. military government, Puerto Rico used U.S. currency and postage stamps. U.S. built dams, schools, schools, roads, and hospitals for the country.
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/US-CivilServiceCommission-Seal-EO11096.jpg/601px-US-CivilServiceCommission-Seal-EO11096.jpg]]

__Philippines__ On May 1, 1898, U.S. fleet destroyed all Spanish ships in Manilla Bay. Philippine rebels and American troops united to successfully overthrow Spanish rule in August. When U.S. paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines, the native people rebelled but was unsuccessful. U.S. established a colonial government in 1901. American businesses made large investments in the islands and the country's economy became dependent on U.S to trade with it.**

Feature Article!!!


 * A Spendid Little War**
 * The Causes and Effects of the war that changed the way the world viewed the former British colony**

//America Turns Outward:// Since President Polk's dream of America reaching from "sea to shining sea" had been realized, farmers and factory owners needed new markets and raw materials beyond American shores in order for the American industry to continue its boom. The rise national pride among Americans also caused the Americans to turn outward. Furthermore, the Americans, during that period, felt that they needed a buffer for the growing violence among labor unions threatened to destroy the nation's economy.Also, the rise national pride among American public and many other reasons also caused the Americans to turn outward

//"Yellow Journalism" and the Sinking of the Maine// After a rebellion broke out in Cuba in 1895, William Randolph Hearst, of the The New York Journal, published semi-inaccurate stories of female prisoners, executions, "valiant" rebels fighting, starving women and children, and Spanish brutality. On February 15,1898, //U.S.S. Maine// sunk the yellow press was quick to react blaming the cause of the sunk on the Spanish. "Remember the Maine" they wrote. Arousing anger among the American people and the wish for war against the Spanish**.**

//de Lome Letter// Señor Don Enrigue Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish Ambassador to the United States, sent a letter to Don José Canelejas, the Foreign Minister of Spain, stating that McKinley is "weak and catering to the rabble, and, besides, a low politician, who desires to leave a door open to me and to stand well with the jingoes of his party." The letter was intercepted by Cuban revolutionaries whom sent the letter to Hearst. He published the letter in the New York Journal. The headline reading "THE WORST INSULT TO THE UNITED STATES IN ITS HISTORY." This letter fired up President McKinely and caused more sentiment for the war against Spain.

//Effects of the Spanish American War// The war established the United States as a power to be reckon with. European nations had to respect American interests. It also marked America's entrance into world affairs. //Guam, Philippines, and Other Territories// United States paid $20 million for the Philippines. Spain gave up rights to Cuba and surrendered Guam to the United States. Also, Spain surrendered Puerto Rico and its possessions in the West Indies.

//Treaty of Paris of 1898// signed on December 10, 1898; ended the Spanish American War; Spain recognized Cuban independence; U.S. occupation of Philippines recognized; Spain ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States; The United States compensated Spain for its losses with a payment of $20 million; in the Senate anti-imperialists and imperialists argued with one another over the Philippines; imperialists-stated that if U.S. didn't imperialize the country then Germany would and the U.S. has a duty to export its superior democratic institutions (manifest destiny);

//Venezuela boundary dispute// Began in 1841; Guyana and Venezuela dispute over boundaries (Schomburgk Line); Venezuela appealed to the U.S. for help against Great Britain; U.S. send commission and they voted to kept the boundary line at the Schomburgk line; solidified U.S. as a world power because it was able to exercise the Monroe Doctrine.

//Platt Amendment// The amendment ensured that the United States would be involved in Cuban affairs. Cuba could not enact treaties or trade agreements without the consent of the United States' consent. The act declared that the U.S. had "the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty." Cubans resented this act.