Chapter+21-Sarah+Maynor

=**__ Chapter 21 __**=

1. Origins of Progressivism ---a) Attitudes & Motives --i) increased gap b/w rich & poor, social/economic problems --ii) urban middle class, some missionary spirit --iii) pragmatism: test ideas til you find what works --iv) scientific management: effective organization of factory workers, could be applied to gov. ---b) Muckrakers: newspapers/magazines that wrote dirty reality of politics/society --i) effects: exposed problems, educated public about corruption, => corrective action 2. Political Reforms in Cites & States ---a) Voter Participation --i) Australian/secret ballot - decreased political intimidation --ii) direct primaries: state/fed candidates nominated by ppl instead of conventions --iii) direct election of senators = 17th AMMENDMENT, 1913 --iv) initiatives, referendums, & recalls = ammendments to state const. --v) social welfare: settlement houses got gov. support for better schools, juv. cts., divorce laws, factory safety reg., parole system ---b) Municipal Reform --i) controlling public utilites: cites own water/gas/transportation systems to break power of city bosses/co.s --ii) commissions & city managers: elected heads of depts. --> expert manager to direct depts. ---b) State Reform --i) gov.s battle corp. interests --ii) temperence & prohibition: urbans against, rurals for it. (abolish pol./moral problems in one) ---1) by 1915, 2/3 of states prohibited alcohol 3. Political Reform in the Nation ---a) Roosevelt's Square Deal --i) compromise b/w labor & capital. 1902 coal strike => white house meeting => 10% $ increase, 9 hr. day, no union recognition --ii) trust busting: upheld Sherman Antitrust Act; break "bad trusts," regulate "good trusts" --iii) RxR regulation: Elikins Act (1903, ICC stop rebates); Hepburn Act (1906, ICC fix just rates for RxR) --iv) consumer protection: "The Jungle" => Pure Food & Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act --v) conservation: 150 mil acres for nat'l reserve, Newlands Reclamation Act, Nat'l Conservation Commission ---b) Taft's Presidency - Roosevelt's sec. of war, won 1908 election --i) more trust busting & conservation ---1) Bureau of Mines, App. Mtn. tracts to nat'l reserves, set aside fed. oil lands. ---2) Mann-Elkins Act (1910, ICC could suspend RxR rates & oversee phone/telegraph/cable co.s) ---3) 16th AMMENDMENT = income tax, 1913 --ii) split in Rep. party: progressives accused Taft of joining conservatives b/c: ---1) Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Pinchot-Ballinger controversy, dictatorial conserv. House speaker Joe Cannon, supported conserv.s in midterm elections ---c) Rise of the Socialist Party - founder E.V. Debs --i) wanted welfare of working class, public ownership of RxRs/utilities/oil/steel --ii) influence: joined w/ Prog.s a little - mild vs. radical social ideas ---d) Election of 1912 - reform efforts dominated campaign --i) candidates: Rep - Taft. Bull Moose - Roosevelt. Dem - Wilson. Soc - Debs. --ii) mostly b/w Roosevelt & Wilson. New Nat'lism (gov. reg. to help society) vs. New Freedom (limit big business, end corruption) --iii) results: Wilson won b/c of Rep. split. Dems control Congress. Prog. party fails. support for Prog. = continued reform efforts. ---e) Woodrow Wilson's Prog. Program - 2nd Dem. Pres. since CW, activist, attacked tariffs/banking/trusts --i) tariff reduction (lower Underwood Tariff, 1913), grad. income tax to compensate --ii) banking reform: 1914 Fed. Reserve Act (nat'l banking system w/ 12 district banks, Fed. Reserve Board & Notes [=dollars!]) --iii) business regulation: Clayton Antitrust Act (strengthened SAA); Fed. Trade Commission (action against "unfair trade practice") --iv) other reforms: Fed. Farm Loan Act (banks for farm loans @ low interest), Child Labor Act - found unconst.'l in Hammer v. Dagenhart 4. African Americans in Prog. Era - mostly ignored b/c prejudice/segregation. thousands lynched. ---a) Washington vs. Du Bois --i) Washington stress on econ. deprivation - Atlanta Exposition speech: need for edu./econ. progress, learn indust. skills --ii) Du Bois stress on civil rights before econ. independence ---b) Urban Migration: 1 mil during WWI, 4 mil during WWII; still faced racism --i) reasons: deteriorating race relations, destruction of cotton by boll weevil, factory jobs available b/c of draft ---c) Civil Rights Organizations --i) 1905, Du Bois, Niagra Mvmt (equal rights) --ii) 1908, " ", Nat'l Assoc. for Advancement of Colored People (no segregation, edu. opportunity) --iii) 1911, Nat'l Urban League (help migrators to N., self-reliance, econ. advancement) 5. Women, Suffrage, & the Prog. Mvmt ---a) Campaign for Women's Suffrage --i) C.C.Catt, pres. of Nat'l Am. Woman Suffrage Assoc. - right would empower women to care for families --ii) fought for U.S. Const. Ammendment --iii) militant suffragists: pickets/parades/hunger strikes led by A. Paul - Nat'l Woman's Party, 1916 --iv) 19th AMMENDMENT: WWI efforts => women's vote, 1920 --v) C.C.Catt - League of Women Voters ---b) Other Issues: edu. equality, liberalizing marriage/divorce laws, lowering business discrimination, property rights