Chapter+5-Austin+Doyle

American Pageant Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Chapter 5 1) Conquest by the Cradle a) Lusty Population Growth In America i) 1700 - 300,000 people (England population 20:1) ii) 1775 – 2.5 million people (England population 1:3) iii) Average age 1775 is about 16 iv) Population doubles every 25 years b) Where People Lived i) Most populous areas in order: (1) Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Maryland ii) Cities (1) Philadelphia (34,000 residents), New York, Boston, and Charleston  (2) 90% of people live in rural areas  2) A Mingling of the Races a) Germans i) 6% of Population (150,000) 1775 ii) Fleeing religious persecution, economic oppression, and ravages of war iii) Belong to several different Protestant sects, mainly Lutheran iv) Known as Pennsylvania Dutch, 1/3 of colonies population v) Hold on to language and culture not being loyal to British crown b) Scots-Irish i) 7 %of Population (175,000) 1775 ii) Irish abandon Ireland due to economic life tampered by English iii) Irish go mainly to Pennsylvania frontier where many “squatted” land iv) Then go south to: (1)  Maryland Backcountry, Virginian Shenandoah Valley, Western Carolinas  (2) Become very good frontiersman  v) Unfairly said to be bad hotheads, although about a dozen become Presidents c) Multicolored Population i) 5% European (1) French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss, Scots Highlanders ii) Africans take up nearly 20% of population (many in South) iii) Most of population Anglo-Saxon but most diverse in world (1) South holds 90% of Blacks (2) New England - Puritan Migrants (least diverse) (3) Middle Colonies – White immigrants (large variety) (4) About half of population is non-English 1775 iv) Immigrant groups intermarry causing many different combinations v) African American community established from many African tribes vi) Native Americans Christianized 3) The Structure of Colonial Society a) America different than Europe i) No upper or lower classmen, easy to work your way up in business ii) Most people are small farmers or work as laborers and traders in city b) Upper Class developed i) During armed conflicts of 1690s and 1700s, military suppliers make fortunes ii) Churches and Schools begin to separate social classes c) Widows and Orphans become class due to war i) Almshouses established in 1730s to care for destitute ii) Poor population still small to that of England d) People increase, land amount decreases and people are forced to find more i) Younger sons and daughters forced to be wage laborers ii) 1750 Boston has many homeless poor e) South power (class) based on how many slaves owned on plantation f) Lower Class i) Indentured Servants (1) Many (though low class) become prosperous  ii) Shipped Criminals from England (Jayle Birds) (1) Undesirable (2) Many though are victims of circumstance and become respectable citizens iii) Black Slaves (1) Lowest Class, don’t even think about ascending in society  (2) Some people think that revolts may happen but England vetoes thoughts of transatlantic traffic in slaves  4) Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists a) Christian Ministers (Clergy) 1775 i) Most honored profession, less influential than in early days in Massachusetts b) Physicians i) Poorly trained and not highly esteemed ii) 1765 first medical school established iii) Epidemics (1) Smallpox (a) Afflicted 1 in 5 people (b) Inoculation introduced in 1721 (2) Diphtheria (a) Killed many people (b) One epidemic in 1730s killed thousands c) Career in Law i) At first not favorably regarded ii) Many people represent selves in court 5) Workaday America a) Agriculture i) Leading Industry in America, involving 90% of population ii) Tobacco staple crop in Maryland and Virginia iii) Wheat becomes large around Chesapeake and the middle colonies iv) Americans enjoy better standard of living to other countries b) Fishing i) Ranked far below agriculture but was rewarding, big in New England ii) Stimulated shipbuilding and fishing fleet served as nursery for seamen c) Commerce i) Coastwise and overseas enriches colonies ii) Big for New England, New York, and Pennsylvania iii) Yankee seamen famous for being skilled mariners and traders (1) Provision Caribbean sugar islands with food and forest products (2) Also hauled gold, wine, and oranges to London from Portugal and Spain d) Triangular Trade i) Man would come form America to West Africa to West Indies e) Manufacturing i) Secondary in importance ii) Things such as Rum, beaver hats, Smoking iron forges, spinning and weaving iii) Strong laborers and skilled craftspeople are scarce and highly prized f) Lumbering i) Important for shipbuilders ii) By 1770 400 vessels were out, 1/3 of British marine was American Built g) Colonial Naval Stores i) Tar, Pitch, Rosin, and Turpentine ii) For Britain, would offer generous bounties to anyone who sold them such iii) Used for Navy in Britain h) Trade with other Countries i) Americans want more British products, but British absorb American exports ii) Americans have to trade with other non-British countries iii) British stop American trade with crucial French West Indies iv) Americans then smuggle and bribe around the law 6) Horsepower and Sailpower a) Roads i) Dirt Roads, hard to travel, ex. 9 days from Boston to Philadelphia ii) Additional dangers to travel such as rickety bridges b) Waterways i) Many people cluster around them ii) Problems: Coastwise traffic, slow, and undependable, but better than roads c) Taverns i) Around main routes and cities ii) Bowling Alleys, Pool Tables, Bars, and gambling equipment iii) Gossips in taverns with information, misinformation, and rumor d) Intercolonial Postal System i) Established in mid-1700’s ii) Handled on credit sometimes; slow, infrequent, secrecy problematic 7) Dominant Denominations a) Tax supported Churches i) Anglican and Congregational ii) Anglican official faith in Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and part of New York (1) Served as a prop of kingly authority, British officials try to impose it (2) Much resistance however iii) Anglican Church falls short of its promise (1) William and Mary college founded to train better class of clerics 1693  iv) Congregational Church established in all of New England except RI  v) Presbyterianism closely associated, never made official in colonies  vi) Congregation, Presbyterianism, and rebellion go hand in hand vii) America has big religious toleration 8) The Great Awakening a) Puritan Churches i) Sagging more than usual ii) Liberal ideas on religion begin to come out iii) Ex. Jacobus Arminius preaches no predestination iv) Membership to church now for anyone b) Great Awakening i) Religious revival 1730s and 40s ii) Jonathan Edwards – Describes newly though Salvation iii) George Whitefield – Preaches on idea of Salvation also iv) Orthodox clergymen (old lights) skeptical on revivalists v) New Light ministers defend Awakening vi) Effect: competitive churches, conversions, baptisms, etc.  9) Schools and Colleges  a) Schools i) At first for aristocratic, male, boys (mainly New England) ii) Mainly to make good Christians iii) Elementary Schools tax-supported or private, South less schools (rich – tutors) iv) Independently thinking discouraged (time of orthodox) b) College Education i) (New England) Prepares men for ministry ii) 9 local colleges established which teach theology and dead languages 10) A Provincial Culture a) Art i) Artists have to go to England to paint (1) John Trumbull (2) John Singleton Copley (3) Benjamin West ii) Charles Willson Peale Paints George Washington and owns museum b) Architecture i) Most Imported from Old World, just modified c) Literature i) Like art, undistinguished ii) Phillis Wheatley slave girl poet who went to England and published book d) Benjamin Franklin i) “First Civilized American” ii) Writes “Poor Richard’s Almanac” iii) Made things such as bifocal spectacles, a stove, and lightning rod 11) Pioneer Presses a) Limited Libraries until 1776 (fifty public libraries and collections of books) b) Newspapers usually have somber essays, news takes long time reach people c) Peter Zenger i) Wrote bad about corrupt royal governor ii) Brought to court iii) With help of lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, found not guilty iv) Case established: freedom of press, public discussion, and true statements written about officials cannot be persecuted 12) The Great Game of Politics a) Three Types of Colonies i) Royal Colonies (1) Royal Governors appointed by King  (2) 8 colonies  ii) Proprietary Colonies (1) Proprietors choose governors (2) Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania iii) Self-Governing (1) Choose own governor through voting  (2) Connecticut and Rhode Island  (3) Have Town meetings where direct democracy is expressed  b) Two House Legislative Body i) Upper House, Council, appointed by Crown, Proprietor, or voted upon ii) Lower House, elected by people c) Royal Governors i) Able men, appointed by King ii) Some are corrupt or incompetent however, ex. Lord Cornbury d) Colonial Assemblies i) Find various ways to control governor including holding salary (normally in need of money) ii) London government authorities never arranged to pay governors e) Requirements i) Had to be white land owning male to vote ii) America is freer than England but not yet a democracy 13) Colonial Folkways a) Food is plentiful, basic comforts taken for granted were lacking then b) Amusement eagerly pursued i) Winter Sports in North ii) Card playing, horse racing, cockfighting, fox hunting in South c) Holidays all over colonies d) Colonies different but have many similarities i) Language, Religion, etc. ii) Have self government unlike Europe


 * Questions (In Order)**

Multiple Choice

a)Germans and Scots Irish b)Arabs c)Africans d)French e)Spanish
 * 1)What were some of the major non English European settlers in the colonies?**

a)1755 b)1600s to 1670s c)1690s to 1700s d)1500s to 1600s e)None of the Above
 * 2)When was Upper Class developed?**

a)Agricultor b)Commerce c)Manufacturing d)Jurist e)All are respectable careers
 * 3)Which is not a popular career?**

a)Other people's houses b)The stores c)The dock d)The tavern e)People gossip everywhere
 * 4)Where did people go to "Gossip"?**

a)Catholic and Jewish b)Anglican and Congretional c)Purtian and Muslim d)Buddhist and Hinduist e)None of the Above
 * 5)What were 2 tax supported churches?**

Short Answer
 * 6)What was the Great Awakening?**


 * 7)Who were 2 important people during the Great Awakening?**


 * 8)What was schools main purpose for?**


 * 9)Who was Peter Zenger?**


 * 10)What were the 3 types of colonies? Describe each**

